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Post by Max on Jul 15, 2005 7:24:13 GMT -5
Thyroid hormones and thermoregulation
In human acne-subjects exposed to (Ro)accutane, levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were significantly lower after exposure (p less than 0.05), indicating a (Ro)accutane induced clinical thyroid deficiency (hypothyroidism) [1].
Thyroid hormones (THs) have long been known to be involved in the control of thermoregulation in birds and mammals. In particular, they are reported to play a role in the regulation of heat production. The underlying mechanisms could be the stimulation of the nuclear and mitochondrial transcription of several genes involved in energy metabolism and/or a direct action on the activity of components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Attention has recently been focussed on a subfamily of mitochondrial anion carriers called uncoupling proteins (UCPs). These proteins are suspected to be involved in a partial dissipation of the mitochondrial proton electrochemical gradient that would uncouple phosphorylations from oxidations and hence produce heat. However, the involvement of uncoupling mechanisms in thermogenesis and particularly in the thermogenic effect of TH is still unclear. The thermogenic role of UCP1, specifically expressed in brown adipose tissue, and its regulation by TH in rodents is quite well recognised, but the involvement in heat production of its mammalian homologues UCP2, ubiquitously expressed, and UCP3, muscle and adipose tissue-specific, as well as the role of the muscular avian UCP (avUCP), are to be further investigated. The expression of the UCP2 and UCP3 genes was shown to be enhanced by TH in muscle of several rodent species, and to be increased in situations where thermogenesis is stimulated, whereas results are more contrasted in pig. There is now increasing evidence that the physiological role of the mammalian UCP3 and UCP2 is rather related to lipid oxidation and/or prevention of reactive oxygen species accumulation than to heat production by uncoupling. The expression of avUCP was also recently demonstrated to be strongly regulated by thyroid status in chicken, and overexpressed in experimental conditions favouring high triiodothyronine concentrations and thermogenesis. However, its real uncoupling activity and contribution to thermogenesis remain to be established [2].
Disruptions in circadian rhytms through alterations in levels of melatonin and thyroid hormone
Melatonin has shown to be significantly correlated with vitamin A status in mammals [3 and more]. Changes of TSH serum levels are smaller and those of FT4 are greater at night, when melatonin levels are higher, so that the response of anterior pituitary to hypothalamic TRH and of thyroid to hypophyseal TSH may be influenced by the pineal hormone that may modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis function and influence the circadian rhythm of body temperature [4].
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Post by Max on Jul 15, 2005 7:24:33 GMT -5
Conclusions
Human acne-subjects exposed to (Ro)accutane are likely to experience an alteration in body heat throughout the day. This is likely partially depending on falling levels thyroid hormone and altered thyroid hormone receptor expression.
Unnormal fluctuations in body temperature during sleep, and physical excercise may be seen as an effect of (Ro)accutane exposure due to disturbance of melatonin-dependent circadian rhytms.
Other contributing factors involved in (Ro)accutane induced dysfunctional regulation of body heat are likely.
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Post by Max on Jul 15, 2005 7:24:52 GMT -5
References:
[1] Marsden JR, Trinick TR, Laker MF, Shuster S. Effects of isotretinoin on serum lipids and lipoproteins, liver and thyroid function. (1984) Clin Chim Acta. Nov 30;143(3):243-51.
[2] Collin A, Cassy S, Buyse J, Decuypere E, Damon M.
Potential involvement of mammalian and avian uncoupling proteins in the thermogenic effect of thyroid hormones. (2005) Domest Anim Endocrinol. Jul;29(1):78-87.
[3] Zatz M. Photoendocrine transduction in cultured chick pineal cells: IV. What do vitamin A depletion and retinaldehyde addition do to the effects of light on the melatonin rhythm? (1994) J Neurochem. May;62(5):2001-11.
[4] Mazzoccoli G, Giuliani A, Carughi S, De Cata A, Puzzolante F, La Viola M, Urbano N, Perfetto F, Tarquini R. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and melatonin in humans: possible interactions in the control of body temperature. (2004) Neuro Endocrinol Lett. Oct;25(5):368-72.
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